Profil bashar assad biography

In Januaryfollowing the pro-democracy uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya, protests began in Syria, demanding political reforms, a reinstatement of civil rights and an end to the state of emergency, which had been in place since In Maythe Syrian military retorted with violent protests in the town of Homs and the suburbs of Damascus.

The following month, he promised a national dialogue and new parliamentary elections, but no change came, and the protests continued. By the latemany countries called for his resignation and the Arab League suspended Syria, which forced the Syrian government to agree to allow Arab observers into the country. Inhis government used chemical weapons against civilians which resulted in the deaths of hundreds including women and children.

It prompted a debate among some Western countries over what steps should be taken against him and his regime. Even today, the conflict continues with daily reports of the killing of scores of civilians by government forces, and counter-claims by the al-Assad regime of the killings being staged. With rebels and government troops seemingly locked in a bloody deadlock and security conditions deteriorating day by day, his public appearances have become increasingly rare and consist mainly of staged events to rally troops and civilian supporters.

The couple is blessed with three children; Hafez, Zein and Karim. Edi Rama is the current Prime Minister of Albania. Tecumseh was a Native American leader of the Shawnee clan. This biography profiles his childhood, life and timeline. Pol Pot was the Cambodian revolutionary who led the Khmer Rouge. Throughout the s, the dreaded Mukhabarat agents carried out routine abductionsarbitrary detentions and torture of civilians.

Numerous show trials were conducted against dissidents, filling Syrian prisons with journalists and human rights activists. Members of Syria's General Intelligence Directorate had long enjoyed broad privileges to carry out extrajudicial actions and they have immunity from criminal offences. InAssad extended this immunity to other departments of security forces.

The government also denied permission for human rights organizations and independent NGOs to work in the country. Foreign Affairs journal released an editorial on the Syrian situation in the wake of the protests: [ ]. During its decades of rule InHafez al-Assad, Bashar's father, seized power after rising through the ranks of the Syrian armed forcesduring which time he established a network of loyal Alawites by installing them in key posts.

In profil bashar assad biography, the military, ruling elite, and ruthless secret police are so intertwined that it is now impossible to separate the Assad regime from the security establishment. Bashar al-Assad's threat to use force against protesters would be more plausible than Tunisia's or Egypt's were. So, unlike in Tunisia and Egypt, where a professionally trained military tended to play an independent role, the regime and its loyal forces have been able to deter all but the most resolute and fearless oppositional activists At the same time, it is significantly different from Libyawhere the military, although brutal and loyal to the regime, is a more disorganized group of militant thugs than a trained and disciplined army.

Between and ; the state security apparatus is believed to have tortured and killed over 10, civil activistspolitical dissidentsjournalistscivil defense volunteers and those accused of treason and terror charges, as part of a campaign of deadly crackdown ordered by Assad. The vote was condemned by Russia, North Korea and Iran. The joint petition accused the Syrian regime of organizing "unimaginable physical and mental pain and suffering" as a strategy to collectively punish the Syrian population.

Ba'athist Syria had long banned Kurdish language in schools and public institutions; and discrimination against Kurds steadily increased during the rule of Bashar al-Assad. State policy officially suppressed Kurdish culture; with more thanSyrian Kurds being rendered stateless. Kurdish grievances against state persecution eventually culminated in the Qamishli Uprisingswhich were crushed down violently after sending Syrian military forces.

The ensuing crackdown resulted in the killings of more than 36 Kurds and injuring at least demonstrators. More than civilians were arrested and tortured in government detention centres. Restrictions on Kurdish activities has been further tightened following the Qamishli massacre, with the Assad regime virtually banning all Kurdish cultural gatherings and political activism under the charges of "inciting strife" or "weakening national sentiment.

On 22 SeptemberAssad decreed a Press Law that tightened government control over all literature printed or published in Syria; ranging from newspapers to books, pamphlets and periodicals. Publishers, writers, editors, distributors, journalists and other individuals accused of violating the Press Law are imprisoned or fined. Censorship has also been expanded into the cyberspaceand various websites are banned.

Numerous bloggers and content creators have been arrested under various "national security" charges. Individuals are arrested based on a wide variety of accusations; ranging from undermining "national unity" to posting or sharing "false" content. Syria was ranked as the third most censored country in CPJ's report. Apart from restrictions for international journalists that prohibit their entry, domestic press is controlled by state agencies that promote Ba'athist ideology.

Fromthe Syrian government has issued a complete media blackout and foreign correspondents were quickly detained, abducted or tortured. As a result, the outside world is able to know of situations happening inside Syria only through videos of independent civilian journalists. The Assad government has shut down internet coverage, mobile networks as well as telephone lines in areas under its control to prevent any news that has its attempts to monopolize information related to Syria.

The crackdown ordered by Bashar al-Assad against Syrian protesters was the most ruthless of all military clampdowns in the entire Arab Spring. As violence deteriorated and death toll mounted to the thousands; the European Union, Arab League and United States began imposing wide range of sanctions against Assad regime. By DecemberUnited Nations had declared the situation in Syria to be a " civil war ".

In JulyArab League held an emergency session demanding the "swift resignation" of Assad and promised "safe exit" if he accepted the offer. The crackdowns and extermination campaigns of Assad regime resulted in the Syrian refugee crisis ; causing the forced displacement of 14 million Syrians, with around 7. Eva Koulouriotis has described Bashar al-Assad as the "master of ethnic cleansing in the 21st century".

Between andBa'athist militias are reported to have committed 49 ethno-sectarian profil bashar assad biographies for the purpose of implementing its social engineering agenda in the country. Alawite loyalist militias known as the Shabiha have been launched into Sunni villages and towns, perpetrating numerous anti-Sunni massacres. These include the HoulaBayda and Baniyas massacresAl-Qubeir massacreAl-Hasawiya massacre, and others which have resulted in hundreds of deaths with hundreds of thousands of residents fleeing under threats of regime persecution and sexual violence.

Pogroms and deportations were pronounced in central Syrian regions and Alawite majority coastal areas where the Syrian military and Hezbollah prioritize the establishment of strategic control by expelling Sunni residents and bringing in Iran-backed Shia militants. He is pursuing a strategy of terrorsiegeand depopulation in key areas, calculating that winning back the loyalty of much of the Sunni middle class and underclass is highly unlikely and certainly not worth the resources and political capital.

Better to level half the country than to give it over to the opposition. As ofmore thanindividuals are being torturedincarcerated or dead in Ba'athist prison networksincluding thousands of women and children. Sincethe Assad regime has arrested and detained children without trial until the age of 18, after which they are transferred to Syrian military field courts and killed.

Profil bashar assad biography: In , Assad graduated

A investigative report by the Syrian Investigative Journalism Unit SIRAJ identified 24 Syrian children who were forcibly disappeared, had their assets confiscated, detained and later killed after they reached the age of The report, based on inside sources within the Assad government, interviews with victims' families, and public sources, estimated that more than 6, detainees under the age of 18 were sentenced to death in the Sednaya Prison and an Assadist military field court in Al-Dimas between andciting eyewitness accounts of an insider within the Ba'athist military police.

Numerous politicians, dissidents, authors and journalists have nicknamed Assad as the "butcher" of Syria for his war-crimes, anti-Sunni sectarian mass-killings, chemical weapons attacks and ethnic cleansing campaigns. Stephen Rappthe U. Ambassador-at-Large for War Crimes Issuesstated in that the crimes committed by Assad are the worst seen since those of Nazi Germany.

In a February interview with the BBCAssad dismissed accusations that the Syrian Arab Air Force used barrel bombs as "childish", claiming that his forces have never used these types of "barrel" bombs and responded with a joke about not using "cooking pots" either. However, unlike Hafez; Bashar had even less loyalty and was politically fragile, exacerbated by alienation of the majority of the population.

As a result, Bashar chose to crack down on dissent far more comprehensively and harshly than his father; and a mere allegation of collaboration was reason enough to get assassinated. Nadim Shehadithe director of The Fares Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studiesstated that "In the early s, Saddam Hussein was massacring his profil bashar assad biography and we were worried about the weapons inspectors," and claimed that "Assad did that too.

He kept us busy with chemical weapons when he massacred his people. How could the army use its force and the security apparatus with all its might to destroy Syria because of a protest against the mistakes of one of your security officials. The father would act differently. Father Hafez hit Hama after he encircled it, warned and then hit Hama after a long siege But his son is different.

On the subject of Daraa, Bashar gave instructions to open fire on the demonstrators. Human rights organizations and criminal investigators have documented Assad's war crimes and sent it to the International Criminal Court for indictment. As this gets consistently vetoed by Assad's primary backer RussiaICC prosecutions have not transpired. On the other hand, courts in various European countries have begun prosecuting and convicting senior Ba'ath party members, Syrian military commanders and Mukhabarat officials charged with war crimes.

In Februaryhead of the UN Commission of Inquiry on Syria, Paulo Pinheirotold reporters: "The mass scale of deaths of detainees suggests that the government of Syria is responsible for acts that amount to extermination as a crime against humanity. The report also stated: "There are reasonable grounds to believe that high-ranking officers — including the heads of branches and directorates — commanding these detention facilities, those in charge of the military police, as well as their civilian superiors, knew of the vast number of deaths occurring in detention facilities In Marchthe U.

Chris Smith called on the Obama administration to create a war crimes tribunal to investigate and prosecute violations "whether committed by the officials of the Government of Syria or other parties to the civil war". In JuneGermany's chief prosecutor issued an international arrest warrant for one of Assad's most senior military officials, Jamil Hassan.

Detention centers run by Air Force Intelligence are among the most notorious in Syria, and thousands are believed to have died because of torture or neglect. Charges filed against Hassan claim he had command responsibility over the facilities and therefore knew of the abuse. The move against Hassan marked an important milestone of prosecutors trying to bring senior members of Assad's inner circle to trial for war crimes.

On 15 NovemberFrance issued an arrest warrant against Assad over the use of banned chemical weapons against civilians in Syria. This decision was confirmed by attorneys involved in the case, who said the ruling marked the first instance where a national court acknowledged that the personal immunity of a serving head of state is not absolute. On 20 Januarya French court issued an arrest warrant against Assad for the killing of year old dual French-Syrian national Salah Abou Nabout in a bombing in Deraa.

The Syrian military has deployed chemical warfare as a systematic military strategy in the Syrian civil warand is estimated to have committed over chemical attackstargeting civilian populations throughout the course of the conflict. The conclusions are submitted to the United Nations bodies. The deadliest chemical attack have been the Ghouta chemical attacks, when Assad government forces launched the nerve agent sarin into civilian areas during its brutal Siege of Eastern Ghouta in early hours of 21 August Thousands of infected and profil bashar assad biography victims flooded the nearby hospitals, showing symptoms such as foaming, body convulsions and other neurotoxic symptoms.

An estimated 1,—1, civilians; including women and children, are estimated to have been killed in the attacks. We condemn in the strongest possible terms any use of chemical weapons anywhere, by anyone, under any circumstances The United States calls on the Assad regime to fully declare and destroy its chemical weapons program In Aprila sarin chemical attack on Khan Sheikhoun killed more than 80 people.

In Aprila chemical attack occurred in Doumaprompting the U. Both Syria and Russia denied involvement. In a speech delivered at the Ba'ath party 's central committee meeting in DecemberBashar al-Assad claimed that there was "no evidence" of the killings of six million Jews during the Holocaust. Emphasizing that Jews were not the sole victims of Nazi extermination campaignsAssad alleged that the Holocaust was "politicized" by Allied powers to facilitate the mass-deportation of European Jews to Palestine, and that it was used as an excuse to justify the creation of Israel.

Assad also accused the U. The secular resistance to Assad rule is mainly represented by the Syrian National Council and National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forcestwo political bodies that constitute a coalition of centre-left and right-wing conservative factions of the Syrian opposition. Military commanders and civilian leaders of Free Syrian Army militias are represented in these councils.

The coalition represents the political wing of the Syrian Interim Government and seeks the democratic transition of Syria through grass-roots activism, protests and armed resistance to overthrow the Ba'athist dictatorship. National Democratic Rally NDR was an older left-wing opposition coalition of socialist parties formed inbut banned by the Baathist government.

Profil bashar assad biography: Bashar al-Assad is the president of

NDR was active during the nationwide protests of the s and the Damascus Spring of the s. Druze-Israeli politician Majalli Wahabi claimed in that over half support the Assad government despite its relative weakness in Druze areas. The regime's support base consisted of Ba'athist loyalists who dominate Syrian politics, trade unionsyouth organizations, students unionsbureaucracy and armed forces.

Family networks of politicians in the Ba'ath party-led National Progressive Front NPF and businessmen loyal to the Assad family form another pole of support. Electoral listing is supervised by Ba'ath party leadership which expels candidates not deemed "sufficiently loyal". Kurdish Supreme Committee was a coalition of 13 Kurdish political parties opposed to Assad regime.

Turnout was estimated to be Times of Israel reported that although various individuals interviewed in a "Sunni-dominated, middle-class neighborhood of central Damascus" exhibited fealty for Assad; it was not possible to discern the actual support for the regime due to the ubiquitous influence of the secret police in the society.

Profil bashar assad biography: Bashar al-Assad (born 11 September )

Contrasting the power dynamics that existed under both the autocrats, Khaddam stated:. He never allowed the Iranians to intervene in Syrian affairs. Assad ordered his minister of foreign Affairs to summon the Iranian ambassador to deliver an ultimatum: The delegation has 24 hours to exit Syria They had no power [during Hafez's rule], unlike Bashar who gave them [Iranians] power and control.

Foreign journalists and political observers who travelled to Syria have described it as the most "ruthless police state " in the Arab World. Assad's violent repression of Damascus Spring of the early s and the publication of a UN report that implicated him in the assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafic Haririexacerbated Syria's post-Cold War isolation.

SinceBashar al-Assad has lost recognition from several international organizations such as the Arab League in[ ] Union for the Mediterranean in [ ] and Organization of Islamic Co-operation in In the London conference of countries of the Friends of Syria groupBritish Foreign Secretary William Hague characterized Syrian elections as a "parody of democracy" and denounced the regime's "utter disregard for human life" for perpetrating war-crimes and state-terror on the Syrian population.

Georgia suspended all relations with Syria following Bashar al-Assad's recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetiacondemning his government as a "Russian-manipulated regime" that supported Russian occupation and " ethnic cleansing ". Describing Assad's policies as "worthless", Ukrainian President Volodimir Zelensky pledged to expand further sanctions against Syria.

This was days after Assad's visit to Moscowwherein he justified Russian profil bashar assad biography of Ukraine as a fight against "old and new Nazis". In Aprila French court declared three high-ranking Ba'athist security officials guilty of crimes against humanitytortureand various war-crimes against French-Syrian citizens. Bashar al-Assad is widely criticised by left-wing activists and intellectuals world-wide for appropriating leftist ideologies and its socialistprogressive slogans as a cover for his own family rule and to empower a loyalist clique of elites at the expense of ordinary Syrians.

Though promising to be a transformational figure who would propel Syria into the 21st century, al-Assad has instead followed in the footsteps of his father, leading to demands for reform and the launch of a deadly civil war. Hafez had risen to power through the Syrian military and the minority Alawite political party to take control of Syria in With much of the military composed of fellow Alawite associates, he was able to integrate the military into his political regime, and ruled Syria with an iron fist for three decades.

Bashar grew up quiet and reserved, in the shadow of his more dynamic and outgoing brother, Bassel. He graduated from high school inand went on to study medicine at the University of Damascus, graduating in He conducted his residency in ophthalmology at the Tishreen military hospital outside of Damascus, and then traveled to Western Eye Hospital in London, England in At this time, Bashar was leading the life a medical student, and had no intentions of entering a political life.

His father had been grooming Bassel as the future president. But inBassel was killed in an automobile accident, and Bashar was recalled to Damascus. His life would soon radically change, as his father quickly and quietly moved to have Bashar succeed him as president. Bashar entered the military academy at Homs, located north of Damascus, and was quickly pushed through the ranks to become a colonel in just five years.

During this time, he served as an advisor to his father, hearing complaints and appeals from citizens, and led a campaign against corruption. As a result, he was able to remove many potential rivals. Hafez al-Assad died on June 10, In the days following his death, Syria's parliament quickly voted to lower the minimum age for presidential candidates from 40 to 34, so that Bashar could be eligible for the office.

Ten days after Hafez's death, Bashar al-Assad was chosen for a seven-year term as president of Syria. In a public referendum, running unopposed, he received 97 percent of the vote. He was also selected leader of the Ba'ath Party and commander in chief of the military. Bashar was considered a younger-generation Arab leader, who would bring change to Syria, a region long filled with aging dictators.

Bashar al-Assad comes from a prominent Alawite family with deep political connections. Bashar is the third child in his family; he has an older sister and an older brother, Basil, who was initially groomed to succeed their father but died in a car accident in The couple has three children: Hafez named after his grandfatherZein, and Karim.

Upon returning to Syria, Assad quickly ascended through military ranks and became involved in politics. He was appointed as commander of the elite Republican Guard and took part in various military operations. The outbreak of civil unrest began when peaceful protests erupted across Syria demanding democratic reforms and an end to corruption.